⚡Similar questions on request: “do marathon runners take bathroom breaks?”⚡ Do marathon runners poop while they run? Runners can experience 'the trots' for a few key reasons Tamara Duker Freuman, a New York City dietitian who works in a gastroenterology practice, told Insider that long-distance running could trigger the bowels simply because. "London Marathon winner Paula Radcliffe shocked the world in 2005 when she paused en route to the gold medal to relieve herself as TV cameras captured the moment. As the marathon champion, Kipyego earned $100,000 in prize money. However, the body finds it difficult to pee whilst moving so most people will have to train themselves to be able to pee whilst running in their race. If you asked most people, they would probably say that that jogging is a slow form of running. Do long distance runners poop themselves? Posted on September 6, 2022 by Admin. A young boy won the hearts of the New York City Marathon runners (and the internet) with his bright, neon sign advising that the best way to finish the race is to not crap your pants. It’s happened to top athletes of great renown in years more recent. 01/23/15 04:10PM. Pooping before a run is good, so you don’t get caught on a path sans-potty, she says. Most bladders hold one to two cups. Pro Tip: When training for a race, or making running your main sport, be sure to research nutrition guides specific to your event, or work with a nutritionist to develop an ideal plan to keep you fueled and light on your feet! 3. " Others call it the "runner's trots. "Fat and fiber are difficult to break down, so. ’ 87-year-old Ukraine native from Queens is oldest New Yorker running NYC Marathon: ‘I run better when I don’t sleep’ She made the best out of a crappy situation. When you get moving, your colon does too, which can sometimes make you feel the need to go RIGHT NOW. There are water stations along the route, but the pros recommend only grabbing a mouthful or two at those stations unless it’s abnormally hot or other environmental issues arise. Some marathon runners may choose to let their diapers hang out, while others might prefer to keep their pants clean and pressed. 2 miles. Don’t rinse. It’s happened to top athletes of great renown in years more recent. When you run 26. If you’re a victim of runner’s bowel problems, be sure to test running gels before the big race day. Even elite athletes. London Marathon winner Paula Radcliffe shocked the world in 2005 when she paused en route to the. IndyCar drivers use the bathroom before races to prevent needing to go during a race. Each mile run during training helps condition them for the challenge. carbonated water. London Marathon winner Paula Radcliffe shocked the world in 2005 when she paused en route to the gold medal to relieve herself as TV cameras captured the. Even elite athletes. Some athletes call it runner’s trots. 👉. The aftermath involved walking to the hotel pants-less, shoe-less, and wrapped in foil blankets. For starters. We’ll get to that. How do marathon runners suppress pain? Marathon runners train their bodies so that they are prepared for the 26. Competitors rotate their hips well beyond that of a normal gait, lengthening their stride. There is a lot of fluid loss while you run especially on warmer days due to sweat. How Long is a Long Run? Running is good for you, but that doesn’t mean that you can do it 24/7. After your one-hour run, take off your shoes, clothes, and if necessary, wring out your sopping wet hair. Plus, “running is a great cardiovascular form of exercise, which in return is one of the best ways of reducing body fat levels, and thus help in making your abs more visible. 21 2023, Published 2:20 p. Did a runner poop his pants? Addi Zerrenner pooped herself early in a marathon,. M = 535 F = 127. ⏯ – What it takes to run back-to-back 100 mile racesDo marathon runners poop their pants? Do runners really poop themselves? ‘Runner’s trots’ are a real thing, and they’re not fun. While most runners focus on their training regimen, diet, and hydration, one aspect that is often overlooked is how to handle the need to use the bathroom during the race. "It looks like you're wiggling your backContents. There is no one definitive answer to this question. Of course many male competitors don’t bother using them, but simply whip it out and pee on the side of. I go into the washroom, decide to run a bath (for some reason) and eat my McD’s in the warm tub. This can be a major issue for runners, as they may not be able to find a toilet in time, or may not want to stop running to use the restroom. I remember after my first 5K, wondering why my stomach was cramping. Even elite athletes. So she started crawling in earnest, and on June 24, 2020, she made her official attempt. In most cases, you can find porta-potties near the water stops. ’87-year-old Ukraine native from Queens is oldest New Yorker running NYC Marathon: ‘I run better when I don’t sleep’ She made the best out of a crappy situation. Runner’s diarrhea shouldn’t last for more than 24 hours. Do Runners sometimes poop themselves? 'Runner's trots' are a real thing, and they're not fun. The science behind the fuel you need and the weight loss you want, plus a menu just for runners. If you do have to do as the bears do and shit in the woods, don’t be a surface pooper (i. 7 Skip Puke-Inducing Foods. More than 30,000. With that said, some people who do occasional 3 day water fasting find that it’s a powerful physical and mental reset that helps them feel much more vibrant, focused, and. How to avoid pooping during a marathon,. One study found that 109 long-distance runners reported that about 19 percent of them had diarrhea during the race. Wait a moment and try again. Choose your favorite. Consider running form cues when doing your own body scan, making sure you’re running relaxed but strong—after you make adjustments, take your thoughts elsewhere. That can result in evacuation of bowel. S. 3. In 2016, French walker Yohann Diniz soiled himself, and heroically continued, and was able to finish in eighth place, despite fainting several times due to his gastrointestinal distress. Those who have attempted to complete a 26. When the Seahawks drafted. She doesn't regret it: She ended up beating her best time 13 months postpartum. The key to the quick pace of the race walker is in the hips. Do marathon runners poop themselves during a race? And he’s right, of course: everyone does poop. ”Runners cross the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge during the New York City Marathon on Sunday, Nov. five hours or more — and often. – Avoid high-fat and high-sugar foods in the days leading up to the marathon. In conclusion, runner’s diarrhea is a common phenomenon among marathon runners caused by several factors, including dehydration, a high-fiber diet, stress, NSAIDs, and. Historical figures, such as the Greek messenger Pheidippides running from Marathon to Athens, or indigenous hunters running across vast terrains, have become symbols of human endurance and determination. Runners can experience ‘the trots’ for a few key reasons Tamara Duker Freuman, a New York City dietitian who works in a gastroenterology practice, told Insider that long-distance running could trigger the bowels simply because of the mechanics of the sport. These authors measured the serum biomarkers troponin T (cTnT) and N-terminal probrain naturetic peptide (NT-proBNP) and performed echocardiographic measurements of cardiac function in 60 recreational runners before and 20 minutes after the 2004 and 2005 Boston Marathon, a 42-km (26. If you have diarrhea in. Raw vegetables. No, not the racing heartbeats you experience during a marathon. So, the runners wrap themselves with a foil blanket. The Tour de France is the world's biggest annual sporting event. Yes, marathon runners can and do stop to pee when they are running and there are many portapotties surrounding the route of the marathon. Ultimately, the decision comes down to personal preference and individual comfort. Knowing you have the option to use the bathroom during the race helps relieve the stress of worrying about when and where you might need to go. If runners don’t wear a foil sheet after the race and sweat profusely, sweating can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Question: Why Do Marathon Runners Poop Themselves. FAQ. Author:Jeffrey Lee-Heidenreich,Her symptoms resolved and she returned to running without any complications. In fact, the phenomenon is often referred to as " runner's diarrhea . Another tip is to pee right before the race. Avoid warm liquids like coffee or tea. Runners will place a branch or rock on top of the pile if they do not want to wait for them. . If yours is on the small side or hypersensitive, you might feel an impulse to evacuate as often as 10 to 15 times per day, Dr. Perhaps you read about it in xoJane. Why do runners sometimes poop themselves?. Adapting to a predictable bowel movement routine is vital for managing Runner’s Diarrhea during a. I used to hate them but now like some of them. I in all probability must pee three or 4 occasions throughout a. In 2016, French walker Yohann Diniz soiled himself, and heroically continued, and was able to finish in eighth place, despite fainting several times due to his gastrointestinal distress. 8-23% of marathon runners will experience this and up to 80% of people after an ultra marathon in some of the studies I’ve read. ”. Typical symptoms of runners’ diarrhea often kick off during your run and may persist in the hours post-run. The act of running can often stimulate the bowels and cause runners to have the urge to poop. She told reporters she’d had some dodgy salmon the night before. 7 yearsfor men) and lowest for sprinters (?1. Up to 71% of long-distance runners experience abdominal cramping and diarrhea. As the marathon champion, Kipyego earned $100,000 in prize money. Boston Marathon runner. It’s happened to top athletes of great renown in years more recent. Do marathon runners poop themselves? And he’s right, of course: everyone does poop. 4. . Do marathon runners poop while they run? Runners can experience 'the trots' for a few key reasonsDo marathon runners poop themselves? And he’s right, of course: everyone does poop. One survey of marathoners in. 2 miles of running. Making lifestyle and dietary adjustments, as well as training for gastrointestinal health, can go a long way in reducing the risk and ensuring a successful. What happened to marathon runner 0358? She had, by drinking too much fluid while running, flushed the sodium out of her system, which resulted in a life-threatening condition known as hyponatremia, a condition that occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. To lower the risk of race-day runs, practice your diet and hydration and avoid greasy foods. Some runners had to run off the course to relieve themselves. Even elite athletes. “Smells good,” Wyman says, meaning the wings, not the other thing. Marathons are long. m. If you have diarrhea in the middle or cannot control your bowel movements, it might indicate another medical condition (more on later). Giphy. Why Do Marathon Runners Poop Their Pants? – Mental Floss; 2 2. Bloody nipples, losing toes, losing toenails, knees with no cartilage by the time you're 40, and your kidneys shut down in a race, so if you take too long and drink too much water you can straight-up die. Years after Swedish distance runner Mikael Ekvall crapped his shorts in the midst of a half-marathon, his photo still shows up on. . Pro Tip: When training for a race, or making running your main sport, be sure to research nutrition guides specific to your event, or work with a nutritionist to develop an ideal plan to keep you fueled and light on your feet! 3. – Formula 1 Race Kit – What F1 drivers wear while driving. It’s happened to top athletes of great renown in years more recent. 2 miles of running. 2-mile race know that sometimes nature calls at inopportune times. What is runner’s poop? Runner’s diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose bowel movements during or immediately after a run. There are also images related to poop runner caught, marathon poop. Or fucking hide. Addi Zerrenner pooped herself early in a marathon, keeping a sub-6-minute-mile pace for 21 miles. 5 Practice Fueling Slowly. 947. In 2016, French walker Yohann Diniz soiled himself, and heroically continued, and was able to finish in eighth place, despite fainting several times due to his gastrointestinal distress. Younger runners are more likely to get it than older ones. Taron Egerton Had Talks to Play MCU’s Wolverine. The Answer: Emergency pit stops are a common problem for runners on their way to the finish line—and, indeed, sometimes there’s no time to get to the port-a-potty. Avoid Coffee and Warm Liquids. London Marathon winner Paula Radcliffe shocked the world in 2005 when she paused en route to the gold medal to relieve herself as TV cameras captured. 3. I pooped myself while running a marathon and I kept going #4. Runner's diarrhea is most common in long-distance runners. Many factors. Molina. Do Marathon Runners Poop in Their Pants? During long-distance races like marathons, it is not uncommon for some runners to experience bowel issues, including the urge to poop. There is a lot of fluid loss while you run especially on warmer days due to sweat. Why do runners poop themselves?. On top of the basic mechanics. These gifts make a great addition to any runner’s stocking, and will prove useful as well. Top runners in half marathon take about 60 mins and full marathon take around 120–150 mins. So, You Pee Your Pants When Running? I Do Too! Amy Hatch is the founder of Garage Grown Gear, an online store and magazine that spotlights small, startup and cottage outdoor gear brands. Well, yes, but keeping your bowels regular while your bod isn’t running might reduce the risk of unwarranted poop action on the track or trail. A young boy won the hearts of the New York City Marathon runners (and the internet) with his bright, neon sign advising that the best way to finish the race is to not crap your pants. Honestly its hardly a surprise that athletes shit themselves in marathons. Let’s get straight to it: Runners often like to talk about poop —seriously. Participating in a half marathon is an exciting and challenging endeavor that requires the right combination of physical fitness, mental stamina, and strategic planning. Do marathon runners poop themselves? And he’s right, of course: everyone does poop. Some friends came to watch, and her grandmother, parents, and other people who had seen her first attempt. I = 0. Breathe deeply through your mouth to get as much air as possible. 1. Do marathon runners poop themselves? “For endurance athletes, you’re shunting blood away from the intestines and toward the muscles. Is it common for marathon runners to poop themselves? ‘Runner’s trots’ are a real thing, and they’re not fun. It’s happened to top athletes of great renown in years more recent. How many hours a day do Tour deContents [ show] Pooping your pants can be a symptom of a medical condition called fecal impaction. Most bladders hold one to two cups. Instead, an. 3. Often, simple dietary changes can help prevent runner's diarrhea: At least one day before running, limit or avoid high-fiber and gas-producing foods, such as beans, bran, fruit. The cause of runner’s diarrhea isn’t clear. For example, a recreational runner logging less than 30 miles per week might embark on a 10-mile long run, while an elite athlete conquering 80 miles may venture into a 16-mile long run. Even elite athletes. What do you call someone who poops their pants? Description. Do marathon runners poop themselves? Compared to other athletes, long-distance runners and walkers poop themselves an extraordinary amount . Their movements can appear almost. Getting lots of oxygen to your muscles when you’re running is very important to keeping your body moving. Table Table5 5 presents training volume distribution across intensity zones for 10 world-class marathon runners during the countdown to a major competition. The act of having to poop during a marathon run is relatively common due to the magnitude of stress that their bodies are experiencing over extended periods. Make sure you’re using the potty in a quiet, dark place –. D. Even a single 2 min toilet break is enough to seal the fate. "Managing Runner’s Diarrhea during a marathon requires a well-planned strategy that includes understanding the causes, adjusting daily habits, proper training, and race-day preparation. This will help keep your GI tract moving. GGG sells gear, apparel and. In other words, a diet that’s high in carbs, moderate in protein, and low in fats. A few foods to watch out for and see if they might be the cause of your need to pee while running: “acidic” foods or beverages. Simon Biwott was supposed to lead the runners through 28K of the 2000 Berlin Marathon, but he ended up leading right through the line, winning in. Hogrefe, M. Do Olympic marathon runners poop themselves? Compared to other athletes, long-distance runners and walkers poop themselves an extraordinary amount . Chunk Your Miles. Diet is often cited as a common cause of diarrhea in distance runners, particularly with meals including berries and dried fruit. Needless to say, I had to take the next day off from work because, well, let's just say, I spared work some yuckiness that day. To keep up her pace, Tamara Torlakson relieved herself mid-marathon without stopping. Even elite athletes. Do marathon runners stop to poop? Sixty-two percent reported that they had stopped for a bowel movement during training , 43 percent said that they had "nervous" diarrhea before a race, 51 percent said that they had experienced diarrhea after a race, and 12 percent reported full-on fecal incontinence while running. See also Why Do Marathon Runners Poop Themselves. 7 ± 1. While runnerÕs diarrhea should subside shortly after your run, it can persist for as long as 24 hours. Advertisement One woman had to stop 9 times to poop during a race For. . 1 years for women,3. However, at around ages 3 to 6 weeks, breastfed babies may start. Running a marathon is no easy feat – it takes immense physical and mental strength to complete a full 26. Still, while the amount of caffeine each. Surprisingly usually not dehydration or electrolyte imbalance as most people are doing fine on that front. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 2. Of those, the latter is so common that runners call it “runner’s trots. This causes your stool to loosen and all of a sudden you realize, "Holy crap, I need to poop!" In addition, when running, blood flow increases to the muscles to help oxygenate and keep your body cool, says Christopher P. 2 miles, you become hyper-aware of. Runner Finishes Marathon with Poop Running Down Her Leg – Shape; 5 5. Marathon runners are renowned for their unparalleled physical and mental strength; yet, often during a race, they can be seen “letting go” in more ways than one. 55-65% carbs, 20-25% fats, and. Like all pre-race preparations, do not use Imodium for the first time on race morning; try it out once or twice during a training run to see how it affects you. Each mile run during training helps condition them for the challenge. Menu. 7 years for men) and marathon runners (4. Most of these races go on for at least 2-3 hours (marathon) and can last up to multiple days (like Moab 240). ) In general we need two. A top Chinese athlete has been dubbed “the runner with the runs” after soiling himself in an untimely bout of diarrhea at the Shanghai International Half-Mar. This will help keep your GI tract hydrated. Do a short warm-up. A study of long-distance runners found that 62% had to stop during their run to have a bowel movement. Sixty-two percent reported that they had stopped for a bowel movement during training, 43 percent said that they had "nervous" diarrhea before a race, 51 percent said that they had experienced. Fecal incontinence is sometimes called bowel incontinence. . Adapting to a predictable bowel movement routine is vital for managing Runner’s Diarrhea during a marathon. Learn how to keep the runs from ruining your run (of any length). These three interacting galaxies are renowned for having a luminous. Likewise, many runners even limit their water intake. Advertisement One woman had to stop 9 times to poop during a race For every athlete that poops their pants during a race, there are many, many more than take extensive precautions to avoid such a fate. As a rule, the bout of diarrhea shouldn’t linger for more than 24 hours. “Walking and jogging tend to increase gastric motility and gastric emptying in everyone; this is a physiologic response,” Dr. You could also try to make it during a long run without taking. The problem is widespread: in a new survey of over 2,000 runners by RW and WH, 60 per cent of women said they had been harassed when running, 25 per cent reported being regularly subjected to. It may also reverse the aortic stiffening process that naturally occurs with aging. Giphy. 4. A 1992 study of long-distance athletes found that 12 percent reported pooping their pants while running. Often, simple dietary changes can help prevent runner's diarrhea: At least one day before running, limit or avoid high-fiber and gas-producing foods, such as beans, bran, fruit. Plus, “running is a great cardiovascular form of exercise, which in return is one of the best ways of reducing body fat levels, and thus help in making your abs more visible. Can a Pacer win a marathon? The pacemaker turned champion beat runner-up Joel Kimurer by a minute and 41 seconds. Marathon running has been shown to improve markers of cardiovascular health. Why do runners defecate on themselves?. For starters. Few things are more humbling (read: humiliating) than your plain-sailing run being suddenly interrupted by a gurgling noise in your stomach and a feeling that you have to poop, now. The Hubble Space Telescope has taken an incredible picture of the galactic system Arp 248, also known as Wild’s Triplet. Initially, breastfed babies tend to poop more often than formula-fed babies because breast milk is more easily digested. London Marathon winner Paula Radcliffe shocked the world in 2005 when she paused en route to the gold medal to relieve herself as TV cameras. Phil, yes, it is absolutely possible to run a full marathon or half-marathon without having to stop to use the bathroom along the way. That may be so, but there’s more science to this than just questionable fish and bad timing. Jay Hathaway. 1. well even If I do a steady increase, 13, 14, 15 miles and so on, I am going to be running way more than 2. 2. 15. 4 Eat, Then Wait. Do marathon runners poop themselves? Runners can experience ‘the trots’ for a few key reasons It can also lead to temporary incontinence since your blood is shuttled away from the digestive tract and toward your legs, she said. Plan a pit stop. Can you run 100 miles in a day? For a 100 miler, don’t run 100 miles in a day while training. Running can trigger the bowels for a few reasons, but most runners handle the urge differently. com or saw my appearance on "The Doctors. Elite Runners Train Very Hard (Some of the Time). We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. – Formula 1 Race Kit – What F1 drivers wear while driving Explained. Try to drink one litre of water for every 1,000kcal you burn daily. What Should You Eat The Night Before A Half Marathon. Do marathon runners poop their pants? “For endurance athletes, you’re shunting blood away from the intestines and toward the muscles. " Yes, I am now known for pooping my pants. It's also Submarine-Hoagie-Hero-Grinder Day (all synonyms for large sandwiches), Astronomy Day, International Beer and Pizza Day, International African Penguin. She told reporters she’d had some dodgy salmon the night before. Some Runners Even Limit Water Intake. Why Do Marathon Runners Poop Themselves. I have seen many cases of people who collapse from exhaustion at the finish line - one of my roles at the finish line is to watch for wobbly finishers and point the wheelchair team to them (so they can get a ride to the medical tent). Do runners poop while running? You might have heard of runner’s trot or runner’s diarrhea, and Dr. A noncompetitive, relatively in-shape runner usually completes one mile in about 9 to 10 minutes, on average. Do runners really poop themselves? ‘Runner’s trots’ are a real thing, and they’re not fun. Despite the physical and mental preparation, there is one phenomenon that even the most seasoned marathon runners fear – pooping themselves during the race. 1M subscribers in the NoStupidQuestions community. Those who don't mind about their finish time will be more open to detouring from their running route to find a portapotty and waiting in a queue if necessary. Why do marathon runners poop themselves? Paula Radcliffe London 2005, Julie Moss Hawaii Ironman. It’s happened to top athletes of great renown in years more recent. Watch this video on YouTube. 3. Note: During your run, do not consume or expel any liquid. Marathon Runners Poop Themselves An Extraordinary Amount. One study found that 109 long-distance runners reported that about 19 percent of them had diarrhea during the race. If you’re new to running, you might run one mile in closer to 12 to 15 minutes as you build up endurance. Do Marathon Runners Poop Themselves During A Race. . Putting the body under strain does that as the body puts emphasis on the cardiovascular system oncreasing lung and heart rate and depth pushing the rest of the system into a more compressed space. 2 miles, taking graceful and gazelle-like strides in an attempt to conquer the physical and mental challenges of endurance. Of those, the latter is so common that runners call it “runner’s trots. Phil, yes, it is absolutely possible to run a full marathon or half-marathon without having to stop to use the bathroom along the way. If you are a marathon runner, you are more likely to go to the bathroom on the trail, behind bushes, or behind a fence. And worse. Even elite athletes. In the case of one marathon runner, her pre-race meal choice of mushroom pasta led to her running almost an entire marathon with poop running down her leg. “And physical activity tends to bring more activity to the colon as well. This year's World Marathon runners faced food poisoning, vomiting, and diarrhea at once Keane's explosive marathon PR wasn't her only encounter with bodily functions during a race. Apply pressure for about five to ten seconds, release, and repeat. Do race walkers poop themselves? Long-distance runners are well aware of a condition innocently referred to as “runner’s trots” — essentially, mid-run diarrhea — which are thought to result from the intense physical sensation of pounding the pavement as well as the dearth of blood flowing to the intestines and its related sphincters. It’s happened to top athletes of great renown in years more recent. Nearly a decade later in 2023, she took on the grueling challenge of running seven marathons across all seven continents in one week, known as the World Marathon. A noncompetitive, relatively in-shape runner usually completes one mile in about 9 to 10 minutes, on average. Long-distance runners shit themselves all the time, and that's just the beginning of it. . Do marathon runners poop themselves? Compared to other athletes, long-distance runners and walkers poop themselves an extraordinary amount. Distance runners often worry about “hitting the wall” during training or races ― that dreaded moment when negative thoughts become so overpowering they make it difficult to continue. Answer (1 of 5): Marathons have large groups of portable toilets set up along the route at intervals. Something went wrong. Is it true people shit themselves when running the marathon? - Quora. – Insider; 4 4. Ingber says. causing the stool to loosen and impacts how often you need to defecate. It was an incident that, while it was happening, was soul-crushing. Do cyclists poop themselves? Today, elite athletes will just poop their pants and continue on. to 12 ounces of fluids every 15 to 20 minutes during a marathon, although this is often difficult to accomplish and can result in. The bouncing motion of running is believed to put extra pressure on the colon, similar to the pressure when your bowels are full, indicating you have to go. Smith assures us it’s very normal. Even elite athletes. com. Additionally, eating slightly less the night before and waking up extra early on the day of the race allows plenty of time for bathroom needs. Why do runners poop themselves?. Do marathon runners poop themselves? And he’s right, of course: everyone does poop. Runners pound pavement for 26. That may be so, but there’s more science to this than just questionable fish and bad timing. Do Tour de France riders poop themselves? So What Do They Do Now? Today, elite athletes will just poop their pants and continue on. Posted on October 25, 2021 By merry. Few things are more humbling (read: humiliating) than your plain-sailing run being suddenly interrupted by a gurgling noise in your stomach and a feeling that you have to poop, now. This causes your stool to loosen and all of a sudden you realize, "Holy crap, I need to poop!" In addition, when running, blood flow increases to the muscles to help oxygenate and keep your body cool, says Christopher P. 3. Stimulate your GI with movement and maybe even a warm beverage (tea or coffee), or warm foods (say, oatmeal), so you can get things moving before it’s. Smith assures us it’s very normal. After researching and writing about why marathon runners poop their pants, I have come to a few conclusions. 1. , an adjunct associate professor of orthopedic surgery at Northwestern University Feinberg School of.